Deforestation in Brazil Research Paper Example

Deforestation in Brazil Paper In Brazil, the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is a very big issue. In this report I will explain the connections of the deforestation to the Brazilian environment and economic development, and for extra reference I will relate these to the included map. The deforestation of the Amazon seems to be necessary to economic development in Brazil. Along with this, sadly the Amazon rainforest is being demolished at a alarming rate and it is causing major environmental issues including loss of bio-diversity, decreased hardwoods, world climate change and many others. To the indigenous people, the Amazon is a source of incalculable water, carbon sequestering, and it is very bio-diverse. When it is being deforested then all of the resources that it provides get smaller and smaller until there is eventually going to be nothing left. An article in National Geographic states â€Å"During the past 40 years, close to 20 percent of the Amazon rain forest has been cut down, more than in all the previous 450 years since European colonization began. (Wallace) † This fact, along with the shown deforestation on the included map should help you realize the mass of rainforest that is being cut down. We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation in Brazil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation in Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation in Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Deforestation comes with a price though, the environment. Brazil is loosing precious hardwoods, bio-diversity and soil everyday but the largest problem continues to be carbon emissions. â€Å"Deforestation, a critical contributor to climate change, effectively accounts for 20 percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions and 70 percent of the emissions in Brazil. Halting new deforestation, experts say, is as powerful a way to combat warming as closing the world’s coal plants. (New York Times, 2009)† Brazils environment is being destroyed by deforestation and the global environment is being effected just as bad. If you look at the checkered areas on the map you will see the parts of the Amazon that are already deforested and no longer there, the spotted areas are old deforestation hot spots and the striped areas are the relatively new hotspots. At the rate that the rainforest is being cleared you can expect all these areas to grow by probably 50% by next year. Geography professor Robert Walker from Michigan State university says â€Å"80 to 90 percent of all cleared land in the region (the Brazilian Amazon) is attributable to some form of pasture or ranching. Cattle ranching is a huge part of Brazils economy and one of the main reasons why deforestation continues at such a rapid pace today. The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is directly connected to the overall economic development of Brazil. Brazil’s economy depends on the rainforest for things such as medicines, hardwoods, fruits and nuts, food and other resources that are collected and exported all over the world. The logg ing industry is one of the largest reasons that Brazil’s forests are being destroyed. The wood is being collected and shipped off around the world. This is helping the Brazilian economy grow and become part of a global market. In the article Logging in the Amazon the writer tells us â€Å"Huge majestic trees like the Samauma, also known as the Queen of the Forest, are being exploited to make cheap plywood for construction industries in the US, Japan and Europe. (2005)† this is just one example of the many uses of the wood collected from the Amazon. Along with logging another economic reason the Amazon is being destroyed is for cattle farming (beef industry). The forest is being rapidly cleared to make more room for pastures for cattle to graze in. The article Deforestation in the Amazon states that between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europes processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent and by 2003 for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production—80 percent of which was in the Amazon—was largely export driven. (Butler) And more cattle means more deforestation. But it is also a huge income source for Brazil and a main factor in their economic growth. An online article by Rhett Butler states â€Å"Brazilian deforestation is strongly correlated to the economic health of the country: the decline in deforestation from 1988-1991 nicely matched the economic slowdown during the same period, while the rocketing rate of deforestation from 1993-1998 paralleled Brazils period of rapid economic growth. † This clearly shows how directly correlated the deforestation of the Amazon is with the economic development of Brazil. There is a major connection between the deforestation of the Amazon and Brazil’s environment and economic growth. Like I said earlier the deforestation is constantly changing Brazil’s environment. The loss of bio-diversity, hard-woods, and the constant carbon emissions coming out of brazil are going to keep on growing effecting the entire world. Although the deforestation of the Amazon is not good for the environment it directly impacts Brazil’s economic development by providing a source of income and trade partners through major industries such as logging and cattle farming. Butler, R. (n. d. ). Deforestation in the amazon. Retrieved from http://www. mongabay. com/brazil. html Butler, R. (2008, July 31). Future threats to the amazon rain forest . Retrieved from http://news. mongabay. com/2008/0801-amazon. html Camill, P. (1999). The deforestation of the amazon: a case study in understanding ecosystems and their value. Retrieved from http://library. buffalo. edu/libraries/projects/cases/amazon. html Cimitile, M. (2009, January 9). Amazon deforestation: Earths heart and lungs dismembered. Live Science, Retrieved from http://www. livescience. com/3201 amazon-deforestation-earth-heart-lungs-dismembered. html Frey, E. (2002). Tropical deforestation in the amazon: an economic analysis of rondonia, brazil. Issues in Political Economy, 11, Retrieved from http://org. elon. edu/ipe/frey1. pdf Rosenthal, E. (2009, August 21). In brazil, paying farmers to let the trees stand . New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/22/science/earth/22degrees. html Shukla, J. , Nobre, C. Sellers, P. (1991, April 29). Amazonian deforestation and regional climate change Journal of Climate, 4, 957-988. Retrieved from http://weatherdata. org/people/Shuklas Articles/1991/Amazonian. PDF Wallace, S. (n. d. ). Farming the amazon. Retrieved from http://environment. nationalgeographic. com/environment/habitats/last-of-amazon/

McDonalds stands for American cultural imperialism Essays

McDonalds stands for American cultural imperialism Essays McDonalds stands for American cultural imperialism Paper McDonalds stands for American cultural imperialism Paper J. , 1989, argues that there are people who refer McDonalds as a mixture of all that is Vulgar in American culture (cited in Ritzer, 1996). Emerald Group Publishing limited (2007) has published that even though McDonalds is trying to create the company image as an ethical company promoting diversity, concern for the planet and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices however the biggest argument against McDonalds is inherent in its global position that anti global activist see as the crux of the problem. However while taking side of cultural imperialism David Rothkopf, 1997 state that, the vanishing of cultural distinctions might be a sign of progress of civilisation and a tangible sign of enhanced communication and understanding. The famous McLibel case was followed closely by different social activist, however Campbell K. et al (2001) found that the McLibel case did not had a measurable negative impact on McDonalds. But still the critics of fast food and McDonalds in particular are diverse such as farmer, leftist, anarchist, nationalist, environmentalists, consumer advocates, health officials, labour unions and defenders of animal rights. The reason for their targeting the fast food restaurant chain of McDonalds is so ubiquitous, for that it threatens the fundamental aspects of national identity i. e. how, where and what people eat (Campbell et al, 2001). Accordingly Storey (1993), recommends that people, as active participant of local culture should be educated for selecting or rejecting new changes in culture, making meaning, attributing values to the developments in the culture etc. On the other side the growing Americanisation of the world is very oblivious and it is expressed through growing popularity of the movies, music videos, television shows, clothing and the Fast food restaurants like McDonalds from the United States (Schlosser, 2002). Higher income, busier lifestyle, the ease of availability storage, and greater variety in food choices have all resulted in repeat patronage to Fast food restaurants like McDonalds (Veeck et al, 2000). At the same time due to the transitional culture a large number of people are nowadays systematically and directly involved in more than one culture and this has certain amount of influence on the type of lifestyle that appeals to people (Hannerz, 1990). The study by Curtis et al (2007), found that presence of female gender, higher income levels, younger adults, the existence of children in the home and the positive opinion concerning the taste of the western food are the determining factors for the choices of type of food people make. According to Jones et al (2002), McDonalds provide consumers value for money-meals and also to some extent it is identified with an active commitment to community values and community activities. Curtis et al, (2007) observes that the increased consumption of western style convenience food in urban centres is likely the result of modernisation of the consumer preferences, where the consumption of imported foods, is viewed as a sign of modern living. He also argues that McDonalds provide a moderate cost solution for families looking for a modern dining experience, the new form of entertainment in china. In a study Watson (1997) found that there has been a change in the target audience of McDonalds. For example twenty years ago McDonalds catered to children of Hong Kongs wealthy elite however these elite have abandoned McDonalds and have moved to up Market to more expensive places. As a result McDonalds have turned to be a mainstay for working class people, who are attracted by its low cost, convenience, and predictability. However McDonalds annual report in 2006 has presented many facts about company which try to provide justification for its global position and also shed some light on the organisations involvement with local communities for their welfare through employment opportunities, Health education, safety trainings, educational scholarships, and environmental practices. It is worth noticing that McDonalds ( its owner) invest more than $1 Billion annually on employee training and development to create a platform for opportunities and growth for its employees (McDonalds Report, 2006). The company is proud to express the fact that 40% of its staff began their career at the restaurant (McDonalds Annual Report, 2005). McDonalds celebrate diversity in terms of employee backgrounds. 20% McDonalds employees are African and approximately 25% of all McDonalds owner/operator are minorities. McDonalds have secured number one position in Business Magazine for Hispanic, 2005 for its efforts to champion diversity in every aspect of the business. The company is also deeply involved and concerned for the communities in which it operates. For example Taiwan hygiene programme that teaches hand washing skills to children, New Zealand seat belt safety programme, US sue the dinosaur programme, Netherland Ronald sports programme, Russia fire prevention programme, Australia cancer education, McDonalds education Scholarship for children. In the past McDonalds have received more than 60 awards for corporate responsibility and environmental leadership that includes place among 50 best employers in 2006 Canada, best employer of the year in Brazil 2005, Latin America one of the best place to work 2005, Environmental leadership award (2001), corporate conservation leadership award, animal welfare award, toy safety award. According to Adams (2006), who is one of executive officer at McDonalds McDonalds make deliberate choices concerning our food quality, available menu, choices, visibility of nutrition information, and educational message on energy balance and claim that these efforts demonstrate their commitment to the consumers health and wellbeing. McDonalds offers efficiency for consumers which means it is a best available way to get from being hungry to being full (Adams, 2006). It also offers the calculability in terms of portion size, cost and time required to get the product. One can predict the quality and service of the product over the time in all locations (Ritzer, 1996). As a way to avoid the fear of American imperialism, McDonalds tries to purchase as much food as possible from the countries where it operates (Schlosser, 2002). Silverstone (1995) in his paper has cited the criticism made by Lyon, Taylor, and Smith, about George Ritzers belief that the impact of McDonalds on society is essentially bad and they see such a perspective as a biased. They argue that McDonalds is serving a useful role on the high street and it can be seen as slick satisfaction of consumers needs. Silverstone, (1995) has also referred to the McDonalds reaction to the charge of providing unhealthy food that their product form part of an overall balanced diet (McDonalds Food: The Fact, 1994). It should not be ignored that McDonalds places the nutrition information in easy to read graphic format on the packaging for the consumers to understand their dietary requirements (McDonalds Annual Report, 2006). Since the underlying values of the target audience have changed, McDonalds could not solely rely on convenience and product consistency as a unique selling point (Schroder et al, 2005). Watson, 1997 too agrees that in post modern upbringing the boundaries of the status, style, and taste dissolve almost as fast as they are formed. What is in today is out tomorrow as a result McDonalds is giving strong corporate emphasis on consumer health, quality and socially responsible initiatives must be taken (Schroder et al, 2005). According to study carried out by Emerald Group Publishing limited (2007), McDonalds have made significant changes in its product line to reflect todays healthy eating concerns and the more sophisticated taste of twenty first century consumers. In conclusion, due to its phenomenal growth, McDonalds does represent American cultural imperialism. The domination of American culture in the rest of the world has helped McDonalds Corporation in its tremendous growth and consequently McDonalds has strengthened the power of American culture in the world. It shows that the relationship between American cultural domination and the growth of McDonalds is positive. However from the companys point of view, McDonalds offers the world the service that satisfies the consumers needs with due consideration to ethical issues. And for consumers it is an affordable and convenient way of experiencing the modern living. However anti-globalisation activists resist McDonalds for the adverse effects it has on native cultures and argue that the culture represented by McDonalds is inappropriate for the common masses. After considering different perspectives it can be concluded that McDonalds does represent American cultural imperialism but it can not essentially be seen as bad or good for the nations of the world. However, consideration should be given to the importance of native culture, the role it plays in peoples life and the effect of American culture on developing countries where such American influence is not suitable.