Serial Killers and Mass Murderers :: Murder Violence Crime Serial Killers Essays

Serial Killers and Mass Murderers Mass Murderers and Serial Killers are nothing new to today’s society. These vicious killers are all violent, brutal monsters and have an abnormal urge to kill. What gives people these urges to kill? What motivates them to keep killing? Do these killers get satisfaction from killing? Is there a difference between mass murderers and serial killers or are they the same. How do they choose their victims and what are some of their characteristics? These questions and many more are reasons why I was eager to write my paper on mass murderers and serial killers. However, the most interesting and sought after questions are the ones that have always been controversial. One example is; what goes on inside the mind of a killer? In this paper I will try to develop a better understanding of these driven killers and their motives. Although mass murderers and serial killers are both dangerous and somewhat sick people, there are several distinct characteristics of each that put them in different categories. The most distinct differences between the two are; Most mass killers kill several victims over a relatively short period of time, usually hours, but sometimes days (Murder 1). Serial killers most often kill his or her victims separately, over a much longer period of time, sometimes lasting several years until the killer is taken into custody by authorities or killed. If a mass killer’s murders are committed in more than just a single location, then they are part of a continuous action (Murder 1). Their victims are usually chosen at random, not just killed at first sight. Their targets may also come in specific groups. More than occasionally, a mass murderer will take his own life after his urge to kill is over. This is possibly because authorities recognize the killer is unstable and are likely to shoot the killer in order to protect themselves. A typical mass murderer uses a semi-automatic weapon and plots his murders to be made in a school, university, or restaurant (murder 1). Serial killers commonly attack a single target at a time one on one. There also tends to be no or very little relation between the person being killed and the killer (murder 1). â€Å"The nature of this drive has been heavily debated, but there is a consensus on some points (Anderson 1).† Many researchers have noted sexual behavior in the murder.

Infancy Through Adolescence Essay

Changes in the home environment such as marital conflict, divorce and poor parenting can adversely affect family dynamics, and children especially, can develop both mental and physical health problems. Research finds a correlation between parental separation and the internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in children; this includes childhood sleep problems due to marital conflict. Children can help define and influence the dynamics of marital conflict. Studies show that in early childhood, parent-child relationships are critical to a child’s healthy development especially the mother-child relations and maternal depression can cause poor parenting leading to emotional and behavioral problems. Child maltreatment is associated with alterations in stress physiology, increased risk for emotional and behavioral issues and increased risk for mental health issues in adolescence. Positive and supportive co-parenting can buffer against the negative effects of marital conflict and divorce especially in low-income and at-risk families. Successful co-parenting relationships can positively affect a child’s socio-emotional development and mental health. Family dynamics and changes in the home will affect the development and well-being of a child throughout infancy or adolescence. Home environments which are dysfunctional in nature, experiencing marital conflict, and separation/divorce or poor-parenting can cause problems within a child’s development including mental and physical issues. Some children will internalize their problems and suffer from anxiety and depression. Others will outwardly externalize their behaviors through aggression and conduct problems; preteens are especially at risk for antisocial behavior (Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, & Fernando, 2011; Sentse, Ormel, Veenstra, Verhulst, & Oldehinkel, 2011). In the Barry & Kochanska (2011, p. 237) study, they point out that dysfunctional parenting, parental depressive symptoms and marital conflict are associated with childhood adjustment and development. Consistently, studies show that marital problems adversely affect child development and adjustment. As Rhoades, Leve, Harold, Neiderhiser, Shaw & Reiss (2011) state â€Å"the association between marital hostility and child adjustment is clearly established† and â€Å"pathways from marital hostility to child adjustment have been well studied, research[ed] to date† (p. 282). And Teti & Cole (2011) further add that â€Å"faulty parenting is frequently cited as a major causal factor in the development of child psychopathology† (p. 25). Emotions and Family Dynamics In Barry and Kochanska (2010) study, the authors look at family emotional well-being, the critical nature of the parent-child relationship and how this impacts a child’s development. Emotions are given and received through individuals and family relationships are shaped by them; family dynamics are influenced and develop from these relational emotions. The emotional affects are multi-dimension and reach all family members reciprocally. One approach known as transactional family dynamics looks at mutual influence processes between all family members (Schermerhorn, Chow & Cummings, 2010, p. 869). Although few studies have been conducted, the transactional family dynamic modal theorizes that if there are marital problems and conflict, the focus is not exclusively on the husband and wife’s problems, but how the family children also influence the marital relationship’s conflict. In one rare study, it was found that â€Å"in families with high levels of marital conflict, child externalizing problems predicted increases in marital conflict† (Schermerhorn et al. , 2010, p. 869); thus supporting the reciprocal nature in families. In support of other research, results from Schermerhorn, et al. (2010) study found that if a child is negative then it is associated with less marital positivity (p. 878). Within family subsystems, the marital relationship and the parent-child relationships are directly influenced by individual emotions and their interactions with one another. Some of these familial emotional interactions, reactions and feelings are healthy, but most are not when there is marital conflict; these unhealthy emotions create a variety of outcomes for a child’s development. Barry and Kochanska (2010) states, â€Å"In families, emotions profoundly influence mental health of the individuals, including sense of security, coping, personal growth, competence, adjustment, behavior problems, and psychopathology, including recovery and relapse† (p. 237). The emotional development, security and socialization of a child are directly related to the emotional exchange between the parent and child relationship; in fact, Barry and Kockanska (2010) find that it is a critical dimension especially during the early childhood years (p. 238). Since emotional healthiness is critical to healthy family relationships then unhealthy emotional states can be detrimental to a developing child causing attachment issues and possible psychopathology as they develop into adulthood. Parents’ emotional reactions to children’s emotions have important consequences for social and emotional development, including children’s psycho-physiological regulation, coping, emotional understanding, and friendship quality (Barry & Kockanska, 2010, p. 237). Home Environments and Child Development Some of the variables which cause changes in the family’s home environment and affect child development are marital conflict, divorce and poor parenting; these changes can be more negatively influential in lower-income environments. Family is one of the major components in human development; therefore, childhood development is greatly influenced by the health of the family unit and home environment. Studies have shown that marital conflict in the family will increase the risk of adjustment problems in children; additionally, marital conflicts can lead to negative parenting, such as inconsistent discipline or disengagement, putting the parent-child relationship at risk and further adding to the risk of child maladjustment (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006, p. 30; Peris, Goeke-Morey, Cummings, & Emery (2008), p. 633). Peris et al. 2008) finds that â€Å"marital conflict is linked to a host of ineffective parenting practices, ranging from the use of inconsistent discipline to diminished displays of warmth and responsivity in the parent-child relationship† (p. 633). Another area of concern in families with marital conflict is parentification of children in which the child takes on a parental role by providing emotional support for the parent; it is a reversed role where the child takes care of the parent. In the Peris et al. study, the authors look at how parentification responsibilities can be very stressful and taxing for a middle adolescent hich can cause, as previous research shows, shame, guilt, poor academic performance, increased adulthood depression and anxiety, and difficult peer relationships of which girls are at a greater risk than boys. (Peris et al. , p. 634). Peris et al. also points out that in childhood, parentification is associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and poor social adjustment; additionally, poor parenting practice such as psychological control where a parent will use guilt to control their child’s behavior and maintain closeness will put children and adolescence at greater risk to maladjust ment and behavioral problems. Additional findings from Peris et al. study show that youth and their parents perceive the parentification dynamic differently. Youth perceive the relationship as low in warmth and support but the parent perceives it as warm and close; the study also concluded that the youth study group demonstrated internalizing and externalizing behaviors (p. 638) which is consistent with their hypothesis, other empirical studies and literature topics on parentification. Children from homes with higher levels of conflict have more adjustment problems than children from less conflictual homes especially with prolonged marital conflict (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006, p. 30). Marital conflict affects girls more than boys in which they have greater internalizing symptoms. El-Sheikh & Whitson (2006) explain that girls are subject to greater socialization pressures and communion especially during late childhood and adolescence; this socialization process is opposite of a boy who is pushed socially to be more independent. Girls may also be more emotionally involved in the marital arguments and boys avoid the conflict by claiming their independence (p. 37). Nonetheless, marital conflict has lasting affects for both boys and girls which affects childhood, adolescence and into adulthood. Social development is at risk in children who are from homes with marital conflict, divorce or poor parenting. Booth-LaForce & Oxford (2008) report that an unsupportive parental environment such as found in stressful environments like single-parent homes and/or low income can cause insensitive parenting which can lead to socially withdrawn behavior in children; (p. 299) many of these children who are socially withdrawn display â€Å"social-cognitive deficits and unskilled behavior, their self-perceptions are negative, they are more likely to be rejected and victimized by peers, and experience loneliness and depression† (p. 1298). Social learning theorists argue â€Å"that marital disruption may lead children to l earn angry, coercive, hostile, and even physically aggressive approaches to interpersonal problem solving† (Gattis, Simpson, & Christensen, 2008, p. 833). Another area of concern in childhood development within stressful home environments is the increase risk for stress-related physical illnesses. In a study by Fabricius & Luecken (2007) they report that â€Å"high family conflict, abuse, parental psychopathology, and divorce can serve to establish enduring dysregulations in the child’s physiological stress responses, promoting pathophysiology in the brain and body† (p. 195). Another area of concern is sleep deprivation. Marital conflict is related to disruption in a child’s sleep; sleep problems in children can be related to internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Additionally, children with sleep problems can also reciprocally influence the conflict between the parents. As Kelly & El-Sheikh (2011) point out â€Å"marital conflict and child sleep problems may be reciprocal and cyclical: exposure to marital conflict may lead to children’s sleep disruptions, which in turn may lead to increased marital conflict† (p. 413). Studies have also found that sleep problems in children can lead to aggressive behaviors (Kelly & El-Sheikh, 2011, p. 413). Separation, Post-Separation and Divorce Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, & Fernando (2011) report that children from divorced families are at a higher risk for emotional and behavioral problems including antisocial behavior, disruptive conduct, delinquency, aggression, anxiety, depression, feelings of loneliness and abandonment, emotional maladjustment and academic problems (p. 124-125). A new family structure is stressful for all family members with each affecting the other. Higher levels of parental stress cause changes in the parent-child relationship putting it at risk. Lack of communication, conflict, hostility, stressors related to the divorce and the new family dynamics cause frustration and anger among the members. High rates of divorce continually influence the numerous studies conducted which look at their affects of divorce on childhood development. According to Sentse et al. (2011) â€Å"10-25% of children that experience a parental separation grow up to have more emotional and psychological problems† (p. 98). These problems can stem from the broken family, previous marital conflict, loss of support from family and friends, economic disadvantage and parenting problems. In the current study by Sentse et al. , the researchers found parental separation’s main affect on developing children was externalizing problems; although for some children the separation brought relief from all the marital conflicts. The study also found adolescences that were more temperamentally fearful had increased levels of internalizing behaviors; some of the side effects of the fearful individual who experiences parental separation include withdrawal, ignored by peers, anxious or depressive feelings – resulting in a cycle of negative symptoms which could result in mental health problems (p. 03). Depressive symptoms can stem from marital conflict and divorce; cyclically, marital conflict and divorce can cause depressive symptoms. Mothers are particularly prone to depressive symptoms and clinical depression during highly stressful events in their lives such as marital conflict, separation or divorce. Mothers who are depressed are likely to be less supportive and nurturing with their children and they are usually negative and critical which can lead to developmental problems such as internalizing and externalizing problems in their children (Connell, Hughes-Scalise, Klostermann & Azem, 2011, p. 53). Mothers with depression have â€Å"higher rates of irritability and aggression, which in turn may induce distress, anger and behavior problems in children† (Deboeck, Farris, Boker, & Borkowski, 2011, p. 1312). Deboeck et al. (2011) also finds that a mother’s psychosocial health can directly affect the development of a child; and, children of depressed mothers have difficulty regulating affect, have increased hyperactivity and attention deficits (p. 1313). Several studies have looked at maternal depressive symptoms and found a link between the mother’s criticizing, hostile parenting causing externalizing behaviors in adolescents; additionally, adolescents with depressed mothers were more likely to become depressed when they [adolescent] are faced with family conflict and discord (Allen & Manning, 2010, p. 833). Single motherhood is more stressful on both the mother and the children; single mothers are more likely to be depressed than married mothers. Compared to single mothers, married mothers have better mental health (Afifi, T. O. , Cox, B. J. & Enns, M. W. , 2006, p. 122). There are at least 9. 5 million families in American in which single mothers are head of the household (Afifi et al. 2006). Parenting stress is unusually high in single-mother homes and mothers have â€Å"greater financial difficulties, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities† compared to mothers who are married (Afifi et al. & Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, & Fernando, 2011). Past research has found identified stressors which negatively affect the psychological well-being of single mothers; they are, low income, low education, family size, and ethnicity (Afifi et al. . 126). The results of Afifi et al. study found that psychiatric disorders in married mothers is lowest, with a slight increase in never married mothers, and the greatest increase was found in separated/divorced mothers; however, previous research found that women going through a separation or divorce had higher rates of poor mental health before the separation/divorce and after (Afifi et al. p. 127). Afifi et al. found that separated/divorced mothers had high levels of depression, dysthymia, GAD, alcohol abuse, PTSD, drug abuse, agoraphobia and antisocial personality disorder. Co-Parenting, Healthy Family Relationships, and Positive Outcomes Although marital conflict, separation/divorce, and poor parenting can adversely affect the home environment and negatively influence the development of children, there are positive factors which counter these adverse affects. Co-parenting is one of those factors. Co-parenting is associated with parents who mutually and cooperatively parent and raise their child together as a team. Although most of the research on co-parenting has been done on married couples and fathers, some does exist on co-parenting after the marital relationship has dissolved. Co-parenting can exist in families with marital conflict as part of a solution to positive parenting even in the midst of chaos and conflict. Positive co-parenting can buffer a child against the negative effects of marital conflict and divorce. There is increasing â€Å"evidence [which] indicates that successful co-parenting relationships are beneficial for children’s socio-emotional development† (Dush, Kotila, & Schoppe-Sullivan, 2011, p. 356). Other studies have found that co-parenting affects children positively by decreasing both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Isacco, Garfield, & Rogers, 2010, p. 262). Healthy co-parenting relationships between separated or divorced couples can significantly improve the relationship between the non-residential father and the child; it could also help improve the relationship between the mother and father by reducing conflict. Many divorced fathers are less involved with their children and co-parenting because of the relational conflict with the divorced mother. Dush et al. (2011) states the key ingredients for co-parenting includes joint investment in the child, valuing the importance of each parent, respecting the other’s judgment, and ongoing, open communication (p. 357). A key factor for increasing healthy family relations and positive outcomes for children in families with marital conflict or divorce is active, supportive father involvement. As Dush et al. points out, â€Å"cooperative co-parenting relationships may be key to fostering positive nonresidential father involvement and lower levels of inter-parental conflict which have been linked to children’s behavioral outcomes, academic achievement, and psychological well-being† (p. 356). Another key component which fosters positive outcomes for children is father-child communication which has shown to decrease externalizing behaviors; (Afifi et al. 2006) additionally, open communication within the parent-child relationship where the child feels comfortable talking with their parents about the divorce has shown that children cope better (Taylor et al. , 2011). â€Å"A strong parent– child relationship can help ameliorate many of these [divorce] difficulties† (Taylor et al. 2011. p. 125). Family therapy is another positive component which can buffer the affects of marital conflict and divorce. Therapy can provide support for family members, teach problem-solving skills, communications training, conflict management and resolution.

Social Science Essay -Housing Extended Report

Introduction The work of Woodberry Down estate regeneration was initiated by the Hackey Council in the year 201. The exercise involved demolition of 1, 981 homes with an aim of building new 1,561 both private, ownership, and social rental homes. Some of the projects that were initiated include; Redmond community centre, public parks, academies, retails, commercial houses as well as regeneration of narrow seven sister’s road (Woodberry Down Clinical Commissioning Group, 2013). The purpose of this report is to analyse and discuss possible ways that correlates with IA policies on integration of stakeholders, community, state members as well as regional levels as far as Woodberry Down Regeneration is of concern based on the health care issue. As far as single parent and Woodberry down estate housing are of concern, this extended report will devise a methodology to assess the impact on a defined population or community of this area. Evidence Historically, Woodberry Down Regeneration was a 20-year programme and established as a partnership housing initiative in Europe. The key stakeholders as far as Woodley Down Estate programme is of concern include; Genesis Housing Association, Berkeley Homes, Greater London Authority, WDCO, Manor House Development and Hackney Homes. However, being one of the largest mass housing estates in Europe, Woodberry Down was built after World War two (Hackney Council, 2014). This is one of the estates that are located between the Finsbury Park and East as well as West reservoirs. Woodberry Down estate and regeneration process started in the year 1999. This was after the estate suffered from physical deterioration as well as under-investment. This led to the high levels of crime and accompanied by the anti-social behaviours especially from youths. For regeneration to take place well, a master plan was drawn and underpinned in the year 1999 (Berkeley Group, 2014). Moreover, the project was regenerated and updated in the year 2012 due to the prevailing economic climate as well as processes involved in consultation with the residents. Meanwhile, for proper management, and based on the single parent family, this project will provide and devise a methodology to assess the impact on a defined single parent housing as far as Woodberry Down estate regeneration is of concern (Berkeley Group, 2014). Impact Assessment As far as impact assessment stages is of concern, it is so evident that owning a house as a single parent is not easy given that one has stretch budget in relation to the tough job he or she is doing that requires attention at large. Single parents as well as mothers require sacrifices to meet the aspect of home ownership. As far as the regeneration of Woodberry Down estate is of concern, the projects looks forward to initiate the best impact assessment stages that will help single parent be able to acquire home ownership. Impact Assessment Stages a. Policies guiding single parents to achieve and own a house To start with, there will be initiation of policies that favours single parent to acquire a house in this programme. Just on the reflection challenges facing these families, and the bills that they require to meet, the function of this programme as far as the regeneration of Woodberry Down estate is of concern, will be to necessitate low-income buyer with less limitation policies as compared to the duo families. These policies will be unveiled through community policing and the only requirement will be a small fee i.e. not exceeding ?850 as the registration fee. The programme however, looks forward to initiate the aspect of affordability and consistency in terms of ability one has to necessitate. b. Commitment However, for the programme to work well, we need to administer the aspect of commitment among the registered single parents aspiring to own a house within the initiative of Woodberry Down estate programme. It is good to note that commitment works hand in hand with effective communication and therefore leading to positive results. Concurrently, it is evident that â€Å"Commitment is dedication to a particular organisation, cause, or belief, and a willingness to get involved. People who are committed to an organization or effort truly believe that it is important, and they show up, follow through, and stick with it. The more people who are committed to your organization, the greater the momentum you can generate to get the job done.† For effective work and delivery of services, the aspect of effective communication should be taken into account (Robert, 2001: 12-17). When there is no communication for instance, between the Woodberry Down Estate management and the stakeholders i.e. single parents, the quality and delivery of services will be compromised hence undermining the programme to an extend that the morale of owning a house as a single parent in relation to the confined income may be impossible to meet. From this perception, the report will execute Lewis’s strategic module that implement effective delivery of services as far as owning a house as a single parent and Woodberry Down estate regeneration programme is taken into account. c. Equality The virtue of equality will be given a hand on every single parent aspiring to own a house as far as Woodberry Down estate and regeneration programme is taken into account. Through this virtue, the programme will incur local housing strategy that impacts all tenants as well as resident of Woodberry Down estate and this in turn will build up more affordable homes across all tenures. In addition, the aspect of equality will oversee and tackle anti-social behaviours hence increasing mobility across the housing system. The virtue of commitment requires mobilization and sustainability. To identify and change in the situation, the reports anticipate providing the re-configuration of Woodberry Down estate through community policing. â€Å"The more committed people there are the more effective they are in influencing others. If a whole group acts with determination and commitment, great numbers of people will really pay attention. People who are committed are the ones who don’t take discouragement seriously and don’t give up. They set an example for those who don’t have the confidence or experience to go through the hard times and hold out for the rewards of success.† For this to take place, laying down good and structured communication roles among the stakeholders and single parent will be an enticing aspect. This will be through every member being acquainted with the goals of the project, vision, and period time requisition as well as satisfaction aspect. d. Initiative of repayment cycle Nevertheless, to drive a positive change, the report necessitates the deployment of 10 percent repayment cycle to the single parents unlike from other stakeholder around the country who requires 50 percent of the total money required to own a house. The introduction of day to day repayment cycle will also be the best approach as this will see single parents paying as less as ?20 per day hence initiating modern technology instrumentation to collect the debit from the single parents. As we anticipate to positively triggering these services, it becomes clearer that there may be some very strong forces preventing substantial changes of any kind from occurring. This includes; constraints, economic challenges, strict budget, poor communication and problem from modern technological instrumentation (Beard & Billett, 2010: 32-36 An analysis based on the problem facing the department was analysed by various scholars. Haven, for instance, started that the drivers for change are dominant to the resistance force. In order for us to provide good and sustainable service to the Woodberry Down Estate community, force field analysis is evitable. This compares the result from both drivers for change and against the total numbers to reduce negative impact and the challenges single parents meets hence, reducing cost and maintaining the organisation value and the fate of the single parents mothers (Kemm, 2012: 11-14). This can be done by encouraging the individuals that they should adopt new behaviours and discard the old one. It also presents the existing problem and makes people realise the need for change. It involves encouraging the individuals to look for new solutions. In addition to the above factors, unfreezing also involves eliminating the rewards for the individual’s current behaviours so that they can be discouraged to use. This is useful implementation of Woodberry Down Estate regeneration based on the single parents is taken into account (O’Mullane, 2013: 57-62). Research methodology The purpose of this report is to analyse and discuss possible ways that correlates with IA policies on integration of stakeholders, community, state members as well as regional levels as far as Woodberry Down Regeneration and planning is of concern. As far as the single parent and Woodberry down estate housing are of concern, this report also looks forward to devise a methodology to assess the impact on the defined single parenthood management. The sample and survey will be directed to the single families that look forward to invest in this project through an opinion. There is recognition of the data collection and its framework analysis for the purpose of answering the research questions and achieves targeted objectives through validation, outsourcing, collection and data analysis. The study on the basis of literature has shown that the research goals would be achieved more efficiently with the quantitative method. Whereas, the literature reviewed has revealed an objective need for numeric data that is necessary to a greater extent due to its absence, rather than non-numeric data. The quantitative method allows assessing the influence of the identified factors by the end-user, which permits the initiation and building of a consumer behaviour model. Ultimately, the variables were identified on the basis of the literature studied (O’Reilly, Truman, Redmond, Yunni, Wright, Cave & Haq, 2006: 10-13).a. Research philosophy and approachThe objective of this report is to develop a philosophical study. We may define it as â€Å"an over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge.† Due to this aspect, the report initiated the use of deductive approach to analyse the case as it stand out to be the right approach bas ed on development of knowledge as far as over-arching perception is of concern. Based on the fact that theoretical framework has been defined, a test will be necessary to articulate the outlined theories hence; assuring the aspect of quantitative method which is one of the research methods.b. Research strategiesTo necessitate the aspect of research strategy, the report will adopt and make use ofquestionnaires for the experimental actions. The survey will cut across the single parents, diverse ages and anyone aspiring to implement proper planning and housing programme.c. Data CollectionData collection is a crucial stage as far as the prevailing report is of concern as it is triggered from the research strategy that incurs survey activities. Data collection however, will be availed during exhibition programme where visitors will be requested to give views as far as the liability of owning a house is taken into account. The report will help in acquiring data based on the visitorâ€⠄¢s preferences as well as get acquainted to new features and product available as far as housing aspect is of concern. More so, data will be availed based on age group, occupation and level of incomes from diverse culture of Woodberry Down estate.d. PopulationThe population of the Woodberry Down Estate is 8,758 people. According to the Central Statistical Bureau of London, 7,000 of them are aged 18 to 74(Reference GOV website). Typically, data from the leading specialised agencies that focus on the public opinions of the London residents are majorly used for surveys, with a representative sample of 1428 respondents used to make a projection of the opinion of all housing inhabitants of London. It is good to note that the â€Å"Population is the total number of objects of observation, which acquire a certain amount of characteristics, such as gender, income and age. In order for the survey to have been carried out successfully, it was necessary to generate a sample of inhabitants w ho are active housing planners (Berkeley Group, 2014).†e. Sample and sample techniqueThe correct display of the population is independent to the sample generated. The sample is a representation of the number of visitors who come to inquire about pricing and acquisition of single parent housing as far as Woodberry Down estate is of concern. This study however, will target the audience between 18-69 years old. The sample technique will incur Questionnaire where the author is acquainted with several theories to formulate the questions. The report however, will formulate a questionnaire and present to the visitors to ascertain views on the Woodberry Down Estate programme and as far as single parent aspect is taken into account. The regeneration of the estate will avail sample technique with an initiation of five crucial parts questions within the questionnaire. The first part of the questions will be based on data analysis directed to the consumer’s demography. The second part will be initiated by the closed questions which bear information that will obtain factual information from the respondent.The third part will execute questions based on the consumer’s age proportions as well as income probabilities. The forth part will articulates factors that influences the choice and preference of the consumer while the fifth part oversees factors and importance the consumers will assumes for effecting the programme. The analysis of this question will achieve one of the goals, which is to investigate the infl uencing factors on the choice housing the single families aspire to initiate. The analysis of responses to the third and fourth part of the questionnaire would also achieve one of the goals of the study to explore the advantages of different types of agencies in the selection of their end-users. All this will be articulated through consumer behaviour model.f. Pilot studyTo finalise the data collected through the help of sampling technique, a pilot version will be created to ascertain and correct any miscellaneous results hence providing the final data collection.Single parent aspiring to acquire housing programme and within the regeneration of Woodberry Down estate programme will be the target audience within the pilot study. Ten pilot questionnaires from the target consumers will be initiated and the feedback tabulated hence any possible adjustments will be unveiled. Any final outcomes from the final version will be executed and tabulated as the primary survey outcomes.g. Sample type and sampling errorProbability and the non-probability are the two substantial sample types that the report anticipates to execute to eliminate sampling error. It is critical to note that random sampling technique necessitate this study and it is one of the probability sampling types of sampling technique. This sample type assumes homogeneity of the population, which indicates an equal probability of the availability of all elements. Moreover, margin error also known as sampling error indicates a deviation of the results obtained by using the probability sample survey data from the population. There are two kinds of sampling errors i.e. statistical and systematic. In this case, the statistical error was used due to the fact that there was an absence of factors that could seriously affect the study. Consequently, the systematic error depends on the sample size. The larger the sample size, therefore the less is the error. Accordingly, for a simple random sample of 95% the probabi lity level would be 5 percent. However, for a specific population of this study, which is 8,758, the sample size should be from 22 to 25.h. Fieldwork resultsThis is another crucial part that will incur the use of the personal survey collection. There will be print out of questionnaires that will be spread out by individuals to the respondent as well as participants. Fieldwork results will be monitored closely to ensure that the aspect of reliability based on the survey is taken into account.i. Data analysisTo execute data analysis, the report will employ quantitative data analysis technique. The processed data will be tabulated on a matrix table in conformation to the outlaid final questionnaires results. The data will therefore be recorded using numerical codes. The processed information will be analysed and tabulated inform of graphs as well as trends. Conclusion As far as impact assessment stages is of concern, it is so evident that owning a house as a single parent is not easy given that one has stretch budget in relation to the tough job he or she is doing that requires attention at large. Single parents as well as mothers require sacrifices to meet the aspect of home ownership. The purpose of this report was to analyse and discuss possible ways that correlates with IA policies on integration of stakeholders, community, state members as well as regional levels as far as Woodberry Down Regeneration is of concern based on the health care issue. As far as single parent and Woodberry down estate housing are of concern, this extended report will devise a methodology to assess the impact on a defined population or community of this area. The findings necessitate that the result from both drivers for change and against the total numbers to reduce negative impact and the challenges single parents meets hence, reducing cost and maintaining the orga nisation value and the fate of the single parent’s mothers. Bibliography Berkeley Group (2014) Living at Woodberry Down. [Online] Available from: http://www.berkeleygroup.co.uk/media/pdf/2/4/Woodberry_Down_Social_Sustainability study.pdf[Accessed 2nd November 2014]. Beard, C. & Billett, A. (2010) Health Impact Assessment: Passionate about health. Guidance 2nd Edition, available from:http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/DocumentLibrary/Care/strategies/SOTWHIAGuidelines12012010v7final.pdf Hackney Council. (2014) Woodberry Down Regeneration. [Online] Available from: http://www.hackney.gov.uk/woodberry-down.htm#.VGs0J_msWSo [Accessed 4th November 2014]. Kemm, J. (2012) Health Impact Assessment: Past Achievement, Current Understanding, andFuture Progress. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Kemm, J., Parry. J. & Palmer, S. (2005). Health Impact Assessment: Concepts, Theory,Techniques And Applications. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. O’Mullane, M (2013) Integrating Health Impact Assessment With The Policy Process: Lessons And Experiences From Around The World. Washington DC: CRC Press. O’Reilly, J., Truman, P., Redmond, S., Yunni, Y., Wright, D., Cave, B. & Haq, G. (2006). CostBenefit Analysis of Health Impact Assessment. Department of Health & York Health Economics Consortium. Robert, M. (2001), Understanding social problems, Great Britain T.J. International Ltd.,Padstow, Cornwall, Massachusetts, USA, Blackwell. http://www.Locallabourhire.co.UK [Accessed: 13th November 2014]. Woodberry Down Clinical Commissioning Group. (August 2013). Joint Strategic Needs Assessment for Woodberry Down. Woodberry Down Health and Wellbeing Board. Retrieved from: http://www.woodberrydownsccg.nhs.uk/Get_Involved/Twoodberry%20woodberry%20healthimpact%20Health%20Joint%20Strategic%20Needs%20Assessment%20Part%20One%20%20Population%20Needs.pdf [Accessed: 10th November 2014].

Presentation Skills

Presentation skills relate to us as a person, its what other people see as they approach us, for example appropriate clothes and a smart appearance and the welcoming with give them and our face expression, every single thing we do sends a message to them about us. 1. Body language – Using your body and hands to express yourself. 2. Verbal and non-verbal – Verbal communication is when you make speech with another person and non-verbal can be done by body language and/or sign language. 3. Listening – Pay interest to someone or something in order to hear them. 4.Seeking clarifications – Looking for something clearer or easier to understand by giving more details or a simpler explanation. 5. Responsiveness – Being responsive is when you make a positive and quick reaction to something or someone. 6. Eye contact – Looking at the person, or people, talking to show you’re participating and paying attention to the conservation. †¢ Employer s must be clean and tidy all time because it wouldn’t be a pleasant to be around dirty and unhygienic people. Body Language Our body language is the term given to the messages we pass on by our gestures, facial expressions, posture and our body positions. Gestures is used to communicate who is a distance away, gestures usually reveal our feelings , it is very easy for someone else to relies that we are nervous for example touching out hair or smoothing down your clothes. Every single thing we do gives someone an idea of what we are thinking for example, shrugging your shoulders which is inappropriate basically giving a impression that we don’t care. Another example when a student is being spoken to they look around gives us a message that they don’t care.Also if a customer in your business is tapping a foot or drumming their figures is a sign that they are getting impatient. Our body position tells others about you, †¢ Facial expressions gives away your tho ughts and emotions. You can always notice if a person is surprised ,disappointed ,bored, joy and even sexual attraction with our eyes and facial expressions. It is inappropriate as a worker you are yawning or raising your eye brow to your customer which would give them you don’t like them, then that causes inconvenient arguments and fights. Your Posture displays your confidence and attitude, for example if you are a teacher you can not slouch and crossing your legs or arms is a defensive positions. There’s different ways of what we do gives a straight forward message where as if you are leaning forward means you are interested and sitting upright and relaxed shows a good positive look. †¢ Your Body Positions tells others how you feel about them, its really like a relationship for example the closer you stand next to a person shows you like each other and other strangers would know you either are a couple or really good friends.It shows you are interested in them, sometimes when teachers nodding there head or shaking there head shows there agreeing with you or disagreeing. Presentation skills are important to customer service because it is a good start point for your organization to keep their policies customer policies friendly, because companies have to provide excellent customer service, this ensures that employees know what to do when they are dealing with customers, which is a success to the business. Good customer service attracts more customers and increases sales.It also improves the business reputation which means customers just through recommendations. Interpersonal skills †¢ Behaviour If you are a friendly person then you will usually be acting normal and behave in a cheerful and friendly way. It has been said if you enjoy your job and if you like working with people you will normally behave in a courteous and thoughtful way and respect their feelings. To be a good committed worker you can not cheat on your employer, tell lies , arrive late, leave early and also pretending being sick . ou would have to be mature about your employers decisions and not sulk in a childish way. †¢ Attitude Our attitude is influenced by the way we think, it more likely if you are depressed you would act negative, if you are fed up you will give up. Its about what you enjoy for example if you enjoy being around people then you person then you would be focused and motivated. You would have to be positive about your work and customers which would give an up beat image of the organisation. Interpersonal skills are the most important skill that anyone can have and should have to be successful.This skill is how people judge one another, Interpersonal skills are related to communicational skills but are more specific about an individuals behaviour and include co-operating, sharing, listening, participating, leadership, and negotiation. Interpersonal skills that you have in your private life is different to the way you use at wor k. Without acting professional or if you don’t show interest in helping your customers you would get fired by your employers because he or she wont be proud of your behaviour regardless how you feel personally. Communication skills Communication Skills Formal and informalVerbal and non-verbal Listening Seeking clarifications Responsiveness Eye contact Body language Use of business language Adapt communication to audience Presentational skills Invite commitment Regardless of what business you are in , a large corporation, a small company, effective communication skills are essential for success. You would need to speak to your customers politely and have a nice smooth tone just the way you talk to your tutor and the way you would talk if you was in a interview. You would have to know when you should be formal and informal on the phone or speaking to your manager.Verbal communication is when you make a speech with another person and non verbal can be done by body language and s ign language. Being assertive in listening and speaking will mean that your intentions are clear to others and you understand others clearly and correctly. You would have to speak clearly so that your customer understands. Also the pace of your voice which you speak it is not a good impression if you speak slow which will make employers think your shy or nervous. In a company you would not be able to speak slang around business staffs.Communicating with all the other organisers will help meet the organisation function more effectively as the business will run a lot smoother and everyone in the business will know what is happening, and what they have to do to keep the business running. Keeping a steady frame of mind is good communication and when a problem crops up, each area leader should get together and talk through the problems and come to some sort of agreement. It is important that staff prevent themselves appropriately and prepare their work area before the djz arrive and visi tors.In life fm majority of customers are members of the public coming to advertise staff or radio or people that have interviews and because I was working at the reception area I was to be smartly dressed and also to be approachable to speak to this includes having good hygiene. It was extremely important that I had a positive attitude towards djs and my staff. It was important that the desk I was working at was clean and tidy before visitors arrive to provide a pleasant and sufficient enviorment to give the impression to the customers that radio station was looked well after. Dress CodeI was instructed by my manager to wear a smart blouse with smart trousers and shoes no trainers. Positive attitude While on my work experience I was expected to be professionally present. Posture I had to have a good posture which means sitting down and looking confident, I had to look interested and not bored by yawning answering the phone in rude way. Personal space It was important that I was a d esk top away from our Life Fm vistors when they came in, which is a comftable way for both side, First impression The first impression of life fm was it looked clean and staff didn’t look scruffy which looked like a successful organised business.

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Visual analysis of The Merode Altarpiece - Essay Example The Merode Altarpiece is a painting by Renaissance artist Robert Campin whose creation time is around 1427 to 1432. The painting was created in Tournai in the Netherlands, which is the artist’s place of origin but it is currently on display at the Metropolitan Museum in the United States (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). The painting is divided into three panels; the main panel shows the moment just before the annunciation of Mary. She is sitting on the floor reading a bible and is looking down. To her left is an angel she is not aware of, with an oval table separating them. A small figure of Jesus is flying towards Mary holding a crucifix. The right panel has Saint Joseph in a carpentry workshop where he is making mousetraps with a townscape appearing behind him in an open window. The right panel has two figures, assumingly the commissioners of the painting, called the donors waiting to go inside an open door (Barnet, Peter, & Nancy 125). This painting also goes by the name à ¢â‚¬Å"The Annunciation†, which is an event in the Christian Holy Bible in which a virgin by the name of Mary receives the news of her appointment to be the earthly mother of God’s son, Jesus.An angel from heaven visits her while she is at home and gives her the good news. The name itself also hints one on the purpose of the painting: Christian believers or cathedrals for devotional and aesthetic purposes commissioned altarpieces. It is therefore a religious artwork. The artist captures the human figures and specifically their faces with their expressions on, making the artwork more of a combination of portraits to make a composition. However, there are outdoor scenes appearing from the openings and windows in the backgrounds depicting cityscapes. The work therefore combines both landscape and portraiture although the portraiture aspect seems to dominate more. According to the Metropolitan Museum, The Merode Altarpiece measures 64.5 cm in length by 117.8 cm as an overall painting with a main panel of dimensions 64.1cm by 63.2 cm, and two identical side panels measuring 64.5cm by 27.3cm each. The width of the painting is slightly below two times the height therefore creating a rectangular (landscape) orientation of the work. The artist employs much use of rectangles, squares, and straight lines in vertical or horizontal movements that harmoniously blend in with the shape of the frame. For instance, in the middle panel where the figures are in a room and the wall and ceiling lines originate from the background and come to meet the frame, creating a view as if one is peering through a window or the wall is missing (Nici 243). The frames merge with most of the shapes rather than disagree with or break them. The Merode Altarpiece is oil on Oakwood. The style of creating workspace and framing is popular as panel art. Panel art is a technique of creating frames in the renaissance period where artists had carpenters make them wooden panels covered with clo th and plastered with gesso paste to create a smooth painting surface (D’Elia 19). The work is done in oil paints, which is another preference of most renaissance artists. During the renaissance period, the use of tempera colors was becoming unpopular as artists discovered that oil

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